How To Draw The Japanese Flag

National flag

"Hinomaru" redirects here. Not to be confused with Hanamaru.

Nippon

Name	Nisshōki [ane] or Hinomaru [2]
Use	Civil and state flag, civil and state ensign
Proportion	2:3[ane]
Adopted	February 27, 1870; 152 years ago  (1870-02-27) [a] (civil ensign) August 13, 1999; 22 years ago  (1999-08-13) [b] (national flag)
Design	A red disc centered on a white rectangular banner

The national flag of Nihon is a rectangular white imprint bearing a ruby-red-ruby-red circle at its middle. This flag is officially called the Nisshōki ( 日章旗 , 'flag of sun'), but is more than commonly known in Nihon as the Hinomaru ( 日の丸 , 'circle of the sun'). It embodies the country's sobriquet: the Land of the Rising Sun.

The Nisshōki flag is designated as the national flag in the Act on National Flag and Anthem, which was promulgated and became effective on August thirteen, 1999. Although no earlier legislation had specified a national flag, the sun-disc flag had already become the de facto national flag of Nippon. Two proclamations issued in 1870 by the Daijō-kan, the governmental body of the early on Meiji period, each had a provision for a design of the national flag. A sun-disc flag was adopted as the national flag for merchant ships under Proclamation No. 57 of Meiji 3 (issued on February 27, 1870),^[3] and as the national flag used past the Navy under Declaration No. 651 of Meiji 3 (issued on October 27, 1870).^[4] Use of the Hinomaru was severely restricted during the early on years of the Allied occupation of Japan after Earth State of war 2; these restrictions were later on relaxed.

The sun plays an of import function in Japanese mythology and faith as the Emperor is said to exist the direct descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu and the legitimacy of the ruling business firm rested on this divine date and descent from the chief deity of the predominant Shinto faith. The proper noun of the country equally well every bit the blueprint of the flag reverberate this central importance of the sun. The aboriginal history Shoku Nihongi says that Emperor Monmu used a flag representing the sunday in his court in 701, and this is the first recorded utilize of a sun-motif flag in Japan.^{[five] [half-dozen]} The oldest existing flag is preserved in Unpō-ji temple, Kōshū, Yamanashi, which is older than the 16th century, and an ancient fable says that the flag was given to the temple past Emperor Get-Reizei in the 11th century.^{[7] [8] [ix]} During the Meiji Restoration, both the sun disc and the Rising Sun Ensign of the Regal Japanese Navy and Army became major symbols in the emerging Japanese Empire. Propaganda posters, textbooks, and films depicted the flag as a source of pride and patriotism. In Japanese homes, citizens were required to brandish the flag during national holidays, celebrations and other occasions as decreed by the regime. Dissimilar tokens of devotion to Nippon and its Emperor featuring the Hinomaru motif became pop among the public during the Second Sino-Japanese War and other conflicts. These tokens ranged from slogans written on the flag to habiliment items and dishes that resembled the flag.

Public perception of the national flag varies. Historically, both Western and Japanese sources claimed the flag was a powerful and enduring symbol to the Japanese. Since the end of Earth War 2 (the Pacific War), the utilise of the flag and the national anthem Kimigayo has been a contentious issue for Japan'southward public schools. Disputes about their use have led to protests and lawsuits. For the governments of Cathay and South Korea, the flag is a symbol of assailment and imperialism. Several military banners of Japan are based on the Hinomaru, including the sunrayed naval ensign. The Hinomaru also serves as a template for other Japanese flags in public and private employ.

History [edit]

Ancient to medieval [edit]

Progression During the Royal Inspection at Ou, Matsushima. Ukiyo-e by Hiroshige III (1876)

Flag of Japan (1870–1999).

The exact origin of the Hinomaru is unknown,^[ten] just the rising sun had some symbolic pregnant since the early 7th century (the Japanese archipelago is e of the Asian mainland, and is thus where the sun "rises"). In 607, an official correspondence that began with "from the Emperor of the ascent sun" was sent to Chinese Emperor Yang of Sui.^[xi] Japan is frequently referred to equally "the land of the ascension sunday".^[12]

The sun is closely related to the Purple family, as legend states the imperial throne was descended from the lord's day goddess Amaterasu.^{[13] [14]} The religion, which is categorized as the aboriginal Ko-Shintō religion of the Japanese people, includes nature worship and animism, and the faith has been worshiping the dominicus, especially in agriculture and fishing. The Imperial God, Amaterasu-ōmikami, is the sun goddess. From the Yayoi menses (300 BCE) to the Kofun catamenia (250 CE) (Yamato period), the Naiko Kamonkyo (ja:内行花文鏡, a big bronze mirror with patterns like a flower-petal manufactured in Japan) was used as a celebration of the shape of the shining lord's day and there is a theory that ane of the 3 Sacred Treasures, Yata no Kagami, is used like this mirror.^[fifteen]

During the eastern expedition (Jinmu tosei), Emperor Jimmu's blood brother Itsuse no Mikoto was killed in a battle against the local chieftain Nagasunehiko ("the long-legged human being") in Naniwa (modern-mean solar day Osaka). Emperor Jimmu realized, every bit descendants of the dominicus, that he did non want to fight towards the sun (to the east), but to fight from the sun (to the west). And then his clan went to the east side of Kii Peninsula to battle westward. They reached Kumano (or Ise) and went towards Yamato. They were victorious at the second boxing with Nagasunehiko and conquered the Kinki region.^{[16] [17]}

The utilise of the sunday-shaped flag was thought to have taken place since the emperor's directly imperial rule (親政) was established later on the Isshi Incident in 645 (first year of the Taika (era)).^[18]

The Japanese history text Shoku Nihongi completed in 797, has the first recorded use of the sunday-motif flag by Emperor Monmu'due south Chōga ( 朝賀 , 'new year'south greetings anniversary') in 701 (the starting time year of the Taihō (era)).^{[5] [half dozen]} For the ornament of the ceremony hall on New year's Twenty-four hours the Nissho ( 日像 , 'the flag with the gilded sun') was raised.^{[5] [six]}

One theory has been influenced by the results of the Genpei War (1180–1185). Until the Heian menstruum, the Nishiki flag (Nishiki no mihata 錦の御旗), a symbol of the Imperial Courtroom, had golden and silver moon circles on a red background. At the end of the Heian era, they used the ruby-red flag, which is the color of their flag (Taira clan), calling themselves a authorities regular army, while Genji (Minamoto clan), in opposition to information technology, fought the Genpei war with the white flag. Since ancient times, the sun has been a symbol of national unity because of the close human relationship between national rule and the dominicus. When Taira was destroyed and the samurai government was established by Genji, successive shōguns claimed to be descendants of Genji, and it was said that the Hinomaru of "Shirachikamaru" (白地赤丸, reddish circle on white background) had been inherited as a symbol of those who achieved the unification of the land. In Japan, "red and white" has been regarded equally a joyous colour scheme. One theory is sociology that in that location is a sense of Sacred–profane dichotomy (sacred = red, profane = white), and that this is as well derived from the Genpei State of war.^{[ citation needed ]}

In the 12th-century work, The Tale of the Heike, information technology was written that dissimilar samurai carried drawings of the sunday on their fans.^[xix] One legend related to the national flag is attributed to the Buddhist priest Nichiren. Supposedly, during a 13th-century Mongolian invasion of Japan, Nichiren gave a lord's day imprint to the shōgun to carry into battle.^[20]

One of Nippon'due south oldest flags is housed at the Unpo-ji temple in Yamanashi Prefecture. Legend states it was given by Emperor Go-Reizei to Minamoto no Yoshimitsu and has been treated as a family unit treasure by the Takeda clan for the by 1,000 years,^[21] and at to the lowest degree it is older than 16th century.

The earliest recorded flags in Japan date from the unification menstruum in the late 16th century. The flags belonged to each daimyō and were used primarily in battle. Most of the flags were long banners usually charged with the mon (family crest) of the daimyō lord. Members of the same family, such every bit a son, father, and brother, had different flags to acquit into battle. The flags served as identification and were displayed by soldiers on their backs and horses. Generals also had their own flags, most of which differed from soldiers' flags due to their foursquare shape.^{[22] [ folio needed ]}

In 1854, during the Tokugawa shogunate, Japanese ships were ordered to hoist the Hinomaru to distinguish themselves from foreign ships.^[nineteen] Before so, different types of Hinomaru flags were used on vessels that were trading with the U.S. and Russia.^[ten] The Hinomaru was decreed the merchant flag of Japan in 1870 and was the legal national flag from 1870 to 1885, making it the start national flag Japan adopted.^{[23] [24]}

While the idea of national symbols was strange to the Japanese, the Meiji Government needed them to communicate with the outside globe. This became especially of import later on the landing of U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry in Yokohama Bay.^[25] Farther Meiji Authorities implementations gave more identifications to Japan, including the anthem Kimigayo and the imperial seal.^[26] In 1885, all previous laws not published in the Official Gazette of Japan were abolished.^[27] Because of this ruling by the new cabinet of Nippon, the Hinomaru was the de facto national flag since no law was in place subsequently the Meiji Restoration.^[28]

Early conflicts and the Pacific War [edit]

1930s photo of a military enrollment. The Hinomaru is displayed on the house and held past several children.

Propaganda poster promoting harmony among Japanese, Chinese, and Manchu. The caption in Chinese (read right to left) reads "With the cooperation of Nippon, China, and Manchukuo, the world can be in peace".

The use of the national flag grew as Japan sought to develop an empire, and the Hinomaru was nowadays at celebrations later victories in the Start Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars. The flag was also used in war efforts throughout the country.^[29] A Japanese propaganda pic in 1934 portrayed foreign national flags as incomplete or defective with their designs, while the Japanese flag is perfect in all forms.^[30] In 1937, a grouping of girls from Hiroshima Prefecture showed solidarity with Japanese soldiers fighting in Cathay during the Second Sino-Japanese War, by eating "flag meals" that consisted of an umeboshi in the middle of a bed of rice. The Hinomaru bento became the main symbol of Nihon's state of war mobilization and solidarity with her soldiers until the 1940s.^[31]

Japan's early victories in the Sino-Japanese War resulted in the Hinomaru over again being used for celebrations. It was seen in the hands of every Japanese during parades.^[29]

Textbooks during this period also had the Hinomaru printed with various slogans expressing devotion to the Emperor and the land. Patriotism was taught as a virtue to Japanese children. Expressions of patriotism, such as displaying the flag or worshiping the Emperor daily, were all part of beingness a "good Japanese."^[32]

The flag was a tool of Japanese imperialism in the occupied Southeast Asian areas during the Second World State of war: people had to apply the flag,^[33] and schoolchildren sang Kimigayo in morning flag raising ceremonies.^[34] Local flags were allowed for some areas such as the Philippines, Republic of indonesia, and Manchukuo.^{[35] [36] [37]} In Korea which was part of the Empire of Japan, the Hinomaru and other symbols were used to declare that the Koreans were subjects of the empire.^[38]

During the Pacific War, Americans coined the derogatory term "meatballs" for the Hinomaru and Japanese military machine aircraft insignia.^[39] To the Japanese, the Hinomaru was the "Rising Sunday flag that would light the darkness of the entire world."^[40] To Westerners, it was one of the Japanese military's virtually powerful symbols.^[41]

U.S. occupation [edit]

The Hinomaru is lowered in Seoul, Korea, on September 9, 1945, the twenty-four hour period of the surrender.

The Hinomaru was the de facto flag of Nippon throughout World War II and the occupation catamenia.^[28] During the occupation of Japan after Globe State of war II, permission from the Supreme Commander of the Centrolineal Powers (SCAPJ) was needed to fly the Hinomaru.^{[42] [43]} Sources differ on the degree to which the apply of the Hinomaru flag was restricted; some use the term "banned;"^{[44] [45]} yet, while the original restrictions were severe, they did not amount to an outright ban.^[28]

Afterwards World War II, an ensign was used by Japanese civil ships of the Usa Naval Shipping Command Authority for Japanese Merchant Marines.^[46] Modified from the "E" indicate code, the ensign was used from September 1945 until the U.S. occupation of Japan ceased.^[47] U.Southward. ships operating in Japanese waters used a modified "O" bespeak flag as their ensign.^[48]

On May ii, 1947, Full general Douglas MacArthur lifted the restrictions on displaying the Hinomaru in the grounds of the National Diet Building, on the Imperial Palace, on the Prime Minister'south residence and on the Supreme Court building with the ratification of the new Constitution of Japan.^{[49] [fifty]} Those restrictions were further relaxed in 1948, when people were allowed to fly the flag on national holidays. In Jan 1949, the restrictions were abolished and anyone could fly the Hinomaru at any time without permission. As a result, schools and homes were encouraged to fly the Hinomaru until the early on 1950s.^[42]

Postwar to 1999 [edit]

Since World State of war Ii, Japan's flag has been criticized for its association with the country's militaristic by. Similar objections have also been raised to the electric current national anthem of Japan, Kimigayo.^[21] The feelings nearly the Hinomaru and Kimigayo represented a full general shift from a patriotic feeling about "Dai Nihon" – Great Nihon – to the pacifist and anti-militarist "Nihon". Because of this ideological shift, the flag was used less oft in Nihon direct after the war fifty-fifty though restrictions were lifted by the SCAPJ in 1949.^{[43] [51]}

Every bit Japan began to re-establish itself diplomatically, the Hinomaru was used as a political weapon overseas. In a visit by the Emperor Hirohito and the Empress Kōjun to the Netherlands, the Hinomaru was burned by Dutch citizens who demanded that he either be sent abode to Japan or tried for the deaths of Dutch prisoners of war during the Second World War.^[52] Domestically, the flag was not fifty-fifty used in protests against a new Status of Forces Agreement being negotiated between the U.S. and Nihon. The most common flag used by the trade unions and other protesters was the crimson flag of revolt.^[53]

An issue with the Hinomaru and national canticle was raised once again when Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summertime Olympic Games. Before the Olympic Games, the size of the sun disc of the national flag was changed partly considering the lord's day disc was not considered striking when it was beingness flown with other national flags.^[43] Tadamasa Fukiura, a color specialist, chose to set the sun disc at two-thirds of the flag'due south length. Fukiura also chose the flag colors for the 1964 games as well equally for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano.^[54]

In 1989, the death of Emperor Hirohito once once more raised moral issues nigh the national flag. Conservatives felt that if the flag could be used during the ceremonies without reopening one-time wounds, they might have a risk to propose that the Hinomaru get the national flag without being challenged about its meaning.^[55] During an official vi-24-hour interval mourning menses, flags were flown at half staff or draped in black bunting all beyond Japan.^[56] Despite reports of protesters vandalizing the Hinomaru on the solar day of the Emperor'south funeral,^[57] schools' correct to fly the Japanese flag at half-staff without reservations brought success to the conservatives.^[55]

Since 1999 [edit]

The Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem equally information technology appears in the Official Gazette on Baronial fifteen, 1999

The Police force Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem was passed in 1999, choosing both the Hinomaru and Kimigayo as Nihon's national symbols. The passage of the law stemmed from a suicide of the principal of Sera High School [ja] in Sera, Hiroshima, Toshihiro Ishikawa, who could not resolve a dispute betwixt his school board and his teachers over the use of the Hinomaru and Kimigayo.^{[58] [59]} The Act is one of the most controversial laws passed by the Diet since the 1992 "Constabulary Concerning Cooperation for Un Peacekeeping Operations and Other Operations", too known every bit the "International Peace Cooperation Constabulary".^[sixty]

Prime number Minister Keizō Obuchi of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) decided to draft legislation to make the Hinomaru and Kimigayo official symbols of Nippon in 2000. His Master Cabinet Secretarial assistant, Hiromu Nonaka, wanted the legislation to be completed by the tenth anniversary of Emperor Akihito's enthronement.^[61] This is not the first time legislation was considered for establishing both symbols as official. In 1974, with the backdrop of the 1972 render of Okinawa to Japan and the 1973 oil crisis, Prime number Minister Kakuei Tanaka hinted at a law beingness passed enshrining both symbols in the law of Nippon.^[62] In addition to instructing the schools to teach and play Kimigayo, Tanaka wanted students to raise the Hinomaru flag in a ceremony every morning, and to adopt a moral curriculum based on certain elements of the Imperial Rescript on Education pronounced past the Meiji Emperor in 1890.^[63] Tanaka was unsuccessful in passing the law through the Diet that year.^[64]

The chief supporters of the bill were the LDP and the Komeito (CGP), while the opposition included the Social Democratic Party (SDPJ) and Communist Party (JCP), who cited the connotations both symbols had with the war era. The CPJ was farther opposed for non allowing the issue to be decided past the public. Meanwhile, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) could non develop party consensus on information technology. DPJ President and future prime minister Naoto Kan stated that the DPJ must back up the neb considering the political party already recognized both symbols as the symbols of Japan.^[65] Deputy Secretary General and time to come prime minister Yukio Hatoyama thought that this bill would cause further divisions amid society and the public schools. Hatoyama voted for the bill while Kan voted against it.^[61]

Earlier the vote, in that location were calls for the bills to be separated at the Diet. Waseda University professor Norihiro Kato stated that Kimigayo is a separate issue more complex than the Hinomaru flag.^[66] Attempts to designate only the Hinomaru as the national flag by the DPJ and other parties during the vote of the bill were rejected by the Diet.^[67] The Business firm of Representatives passed the bill on July 22, 1999, by a 403 to 86 vote.^[68] The legislation was sent to the House of Councilors on July 28 and was passed on Baronial 9. It was enacted into law on August 13.^[69]

On August eight, 2009, a photograph was taken at a DPJ rally for the Firm of Representatives election showing a banner that was hanging from a ceiling. The banner was made of two Hinomaru flags cut and sewn together to grade the shape of the DPJ logo. This infuriated the LDP and Prime number Minister Tarō Asō, saying this act was unforgivable. In response, DPJ President Yukio Hatoyama (who voted for the Law Regarding the National Flag and National Canticle)^[61] said that the banner was non the Hinomaru and should not be regarded as such.^[70]

Pattern [edit]

Passed in 1870, the Prime Minister'due south Proclamation No. 57 had two provisions related to the national flag. The starting time provision specified who flew the flag and how it was flown; the second specified how the flag was made.^[x] The ratio was seven units width and ten units length (7:x). The red disc, which represents the sun, was calculated to be iii-fifths of the hoist width. The law decreed the disc to be in the middle, simply information technology was usually placed one-hundredth ( 1⁄100 ) towards the hoist.^{[71] [72]} (this makes the disc appear centered when the flag is flying; this technique is used in other flags, such as the Flag of People's republic of bangladesh). On Oct 3 of the same year, regulations about the design of the merchant ensign and other naval flags were passed.^[73] For the merchant flag, the ratio was two units width and iii units length (2:3). The size of the disc remained the aforementioned, but the sunday disc was placed one-twentieth ( ane⁄20 ) towards the hoist.^[74]

When the Police Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem passed, the dimensions of the flag were slightly altered.^[1] The overall ratio of the flag was changed to two units width by 3 units length (2:3). The cherry disc was shifted towards the center, merely the overall size of the disc stayed the same.^[2] The groundwork of the flag is white and the center is a red circle ( 紅色 , beni iro ), but the verbal colour shades were non defined in the 1999 law.^[i] The merely hint given about the red color is that information technology is a "deep" shade.^[75]

Issued by the Japan Defense Agency (now the Ministry of Defense) in 1973 (Showa 48), specifications list the red colour of the flag equally 5R 4/12 and the white every bit N9 in the Munsell color chart.^[76] The document was changed on March 21, 2008 (Heisei 20) to match the flag'south construction with current legislation and updated the Munsell colors. The document lists acrylic cobweb and nylon as fibers that could be used in construction of flags used by the military. For acrylic, the carmine color is 5.7R iii.seven/xv.v and white is N9.four; nylon has vi.2R iv/15.2 for red and N9.2 for white.^[76] In a document issued by the Official Development Assistance (ODA), the red color for the Hinomaru and the ODA logo is listed as DIC 156 and CMYK 0-100-xc-0.^[77] During deliberations nigh the Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem, there was a proposition to either use a vivid carmine ( 赤色 , aka iro ) shade or use one from the color pool of the Japanese Industrial Standards.^[78]

Color chart [edit]

Official color (White)	Official color (Red)	Color system	Source	Twelvemonth
N9[79]	5R 4/12[79]	Munsell	DSP Z 8701C[76]	1973
North/A	156[80]	DIC	ODA Symbol Mark Guidelines[77]	1995

Utilize and community [edit]

When the Hinomaru was first introduced, the authorities required citizens to greet the Emperor with the flag. In that location was some resentment among the Japanese over the flag, resulting in some protests. It took some time for the flag to gain acceptance among the people.^[26]

Before Globe War Two, all homes were required to brandish Hinomaru on national holidays.^[28] Since the war, the display of the flag of Japan is mostly limited to buildings attached to national and local governments such as city halls; it is rarely seen at private homes or commercial buildings,^[28] merely some people and companies have advocated displaying the flag on holidays. Although the government of Japan encourages citizens and residents to fly the Hinomaru during national holidays, they are not legally required to do so.^{[81] [82]} Since the Emperor's 80th Birthday on Dec 23, 2002, the Kyushu Railway Company has displayed the Hinomaru at 330 stations.^[83]

Starting in 1995, the ODA has used the Hinomaru motif in their official logo. The pattern itself was not created by the regime (the logo was chosen from five,000 designs submitted past the public) but the regime was trying to increment the visualization of the Hinomaru through their aid packages and evolution programs. According to the ODA, the employ of the flag is the almost effective way to symbolize help provided past the Japanese people.^[84]

Hinomaru Yosegaki [edit]

During Globe War Ii in Japanese culture, it was a popular custom for friends, classmates, and relatives of a deploying soldier to sign a Hinomaru and present it to him. The flag was too used as a good luck charm and a prayer to wish the soldier back safely from boxing. 1 term for this kind of charm is Hinomaru Yosegaki ( 日の丸寄せ書き ).^[85] One tradition is that no writing should touch the dominicus disc.^[86] After battles, these flags were often captured or afterward institute on deceased Japanese soldiers. Some of these flags have become souvenirs,^[86] and some are being returned to Nippon and the descendants of the deceased.^[87]

In modern times, the "Hinomaru Yosegaki" is still being used. The tradition of signing the Hinomaru every bit a proficient luck charm still continues, though in a limited fashion. The Hinomaru Yosegaki is shown at sporting events to give back up to the Japanese national team.^[88] The Yosegaki (grouping effort flag, 寄せ書き) is used for candidature soldiers,^[89] athletes, retirees, transfer students in a community and for friends. The colored paper and flag has writing with a message. In modern Japan, it is given as a present to a person at a send-off political party, for athletes, a farewell party for colleagues or transfer students, for graduation and retirement. Later natural disasters such as the 2022 Tōhoku Earthquake and seismic sea wave people write notes on a Hinomaru Yosegaki to show support.

Hachimaki [edit]

The hachimaki ( 鉢巻 , "helmet-scarf") is a white headband (bandana) with the ruby-red sun in the heart. Phrases are usually written on it. Information technology is worn as a symbol of perseverance, endeavour, and/or courage by the wearer. These are worn on many occasions by for example sports spectators, women giving nascency, students in cram schoolhouse, office workers,^[90] tradesmen taking pride in their work etc. During World War II, the phrases "Certain Victory" ( 必勝 , Hisshō ) or "Seven Lives" was written on the hachimaki and worn by kamikaze pilots. This denoted that the pilot was willing to die for his country.^[91]

Hinomaru Bentō [edit]

A bentō and makunouchi are types of Japanese tiffin boxes. It can have Hinomaru rice ( 日の丸ご飯 , Hinomaru gohan ). Information technology consists of gohan (steamed white rice) with a cherry umeboshi (dried ume) in the center which represents the sunday and the flag of Japan. A Hinomaru lunch box ( 日の丸弁当 , Hinomaru bentō ) only has white rice and a red umeboshi in the center. The salty, vinegar soaked umeboshi acts as a preservative for the rice. There are likewise hinomaru rice bowls which are less common.^[92]

Crustaceans with the Hinomaru [edit]

There are multiple crustaceans with the hinomaru (circumvolve of the lord's day) shape. Such every bit the Hinomaru Shogun Shrimp ( ヒノマルショウグンエビ , Hinomaru Shogun Ebi ) (Astacidea), Hinomaru Teppo Shrimp ( ヒノマルテッポウエビ , Hinomaru Teppo Ebi ) (Caridea) and the Hinomaru princess horizontal shears ( ヒノマルヒメヨコバサミ , Hinomaru Himeyokobasami ) (Anomura). The Caridea Alpheus shrimp has an abdominal segment with a type of Japanese flag-shaped crest.^{[ citation needed ]}

Culture and perception [edit]

Emperor Akihito greets the flag-waving crowd at the Imperial Palace on his altogether. Photo taken on Dec 23, 2022.

Co-ordinate to polls conducted past mainstream media, most Japanese people had perceived the flag of Nihon equally the national flag even before the passage of the Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem in 1999.^[93] Despite this, controversies surrounding the use of the flag in school events or media still remain. For example, liberal newspapers such as Asahi Shimbun and Mainichi Shimbun often feature articles critical of the flag of Japan, reflecting their readerships' political spectrum.^[94] To other Japanese, the flag represents the time where democracy was suppressed when Japan was an empire.^[95]

The brandish of the national flag at homes and businesses is also debated in Japanese gild. Because of its association with uyoku dantai (right wing) activists, reactionary politics, or hooliganism, most homes and businesses exercise non fly the flag.^[28] There is no requirement to fly the flag on any national vacation or special events. The boondocks of Kanazawa, Ishikawa, has proposed plans in September 2022 to apply authorities funds to buy flags with the purpose of encouraging citizens to fly the flag on national holidays.^[96] The Japanese Communist Party is vocally against the flag.

Negative perceptions of the national flag exist in former colonies of Nihon as well as within Nihon itself, such equally in Okinawa. In one notable example of this, on October 26, 1987, an Okinawan supermarket owner burned the flag before the kickoff of the National Sports Festival of Japan.^[97] The flag burner, Shōichi Chibana, burned the Hinomaru not just to show opposition to atrocities committed by the Japanese army and the connected presence of U.S. forces but also to prevent it from being displayed in public.^[98] Other incidents in Okinawa included the flag beingness torn down during school ceremonies and students refusing to honor the flag equally information technology was beingness raised to the sounds of "Kimigayo".^[29] In the uppercase city of Naha, Okinawa, the Hinomaru was raised for the get-go time since the return of Okinawa to Japan to celebrate the city's 80th anniversary in 2001.^[99] In the People's Republic of People's republic of china and Republic of Korea, both of which had been occupied past the Empire of Nihon, the 1999 formal adoption of the Hinomaru was met with reactions of Japan moving towards the right and besides a step towards re-militarization. The passage of the 1999 police force also coincided with the debates about the status of the Yasukuni Shrine, U.Southward.-Japan military machine cooperation, and the creation of a missile defense plan. In other nations that Japan occupied, the 1999 law was met with mixed reactions or glossed over. In Singapore, the older generation all the same harbors ill feelings toward the flag while the younger generation does not hold similar views. The Philippine regime non only believed that Japan was not going to revert to militarism, simply the goal of the 1999 law was to formally establish 2 symbols (the flag and anthem) in law and every state has a right to create national symbols.^[100] Japan has no constabulary criminalizing the burning of the Hinomaru, but foreign flags cannot exist burned in Japan.^{[101] [102]}

Protocol [edit]

Diagram published with Regulation i from 1912 (Raising Mourning Flag for the Emperor)

According to protocol, the flag may wing from sunrise until dusk; businesses and schools are permitted to fly the flag from opening to closing.^[103] When flying the flags of Japan and another land at the aforementioned time in Japan, the Japanese flag takes the position of laurels and the flag of the invitee country flies to its correct. Both flags must be at the same height and of equal size. When more than one foreign flag is displayed, Nihon's flag is arranged in the alphabetical social club prescribed by the Un.^[104] When the flag becomes unsuitable to apply, it is customarily burned in private.^[103] The Law Regarding the National Flag and Canticle does not specify on how the flag should be used, only different prefectures came up with their own regulations to use the Hinomaru and other prefectural flags.^{[105] [106]}

Mourning [edit]

The Hinomaru flag has at least two mourning styles. One is to display the flag at half-staff ( 半旗 , Han-ki ), as is mutual in many countries. The offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs besides hoist the flag at one-half-staff when a funeral is performed for a strange nation's head of country.^[107]

An alternative mourning style is to wrap the spherical finial with black cloth and place a black ribbon, known as a mourning flag ( 弔旗 , Chō-ki ), above the flag. This style dates back to the death of Emperor Meiji on July xxx, 1912, and the Cabinet issued an ordinance stipulating that the national flag should be raised in mourning when the Emperor dies.^[108] The Cabinet has the authority to denote the half-staffing of the national flag.^[109]

Public schools [edit]

A graduation anniversary in Hokkaido Prefecture with both the Hinomaru and the flag of Hokkaido Prefecture. The schoolhouse'south ain flag is on a staff to the speakers' right.

Since the terminate of World War II, the Ministry of Instruction has issued statements and regulations to promote the usage of both the Hinomaru and Kimigayo (national anthem) at schools under their jurisdiction. The showtime of these statements was released in 1950, stating that it was desirable, but not required, to apply both symbols. This want was afterward expanded to include both symbols on national holidays and during ceremonial events to encourage students on what national holidays are and to promote defense education.^[43] In a 1989 reform of the education guidelines, the LDP-controlled government beginning demanded that the flag must be used in school ceremonies and that proper respect must be given to it and to Kimigayo.^[110] Punishments for school officials who did not follow this order were also enacted with the 1989 reforms.^[43]

The 1999 curriculum guideline issued past the Ministry of Education later on the passage of the Police force Regarding the National Flag and Anthem decrees that "on archway and graduation ceremonies, schools must raise the flag of Nihon and instruct students to sing the Kimigayo, given the significance of the flag and the song."^[111] Additionally, the ministry's commentary on the 1999 curriculum guideline for elementary schools note that "given the advance of internationalization, along with fostering patriotism and awareness of being Japanese, it is important to nurture school children'southward respectful attitude toward the flag of Japan and Kimigayo every bit they grow up to exist respected Japanese citizens in an internationalized society."^[112] The ministry as well stated that if Japanese students cannot respect their own symbols, and so they will not exist able to respect the symbols of other nations.^[113]

Schools accept been the centre of controversy over both the anthem and the national flag.^[44] The Tokyo Board of Education requires the utilise of both the anthem and flag at events under their jurisdiction. The order requires school teachers to respect both symbols or risk losing their jobs.^[114] Some have protested that such rules violate the Constitution of Japan, but the Board has argued that since schools are government agencies, their employees have an obligation to teach their students how to exist good Japanese citizens.^[21] Equally a sign of protest, schools refused to display the Hinomaru at school graduations and some parents ripped downward the flag.^[44] Teachers accept unsuccessfully brought criminal complaints confronting Tokyo Governor Shintarō Ishihara and senior officials for ordering teachers to honor the Hinomaru and Kimigayo.^[115] After before opposition, the Japan Teachers Wedlock accepts the utilize of both the flag and anthem; the smaller All Japan Teachers and Staffs Union still opposes both symbols and their use inside the school system.^[116]

[edit]

Armed services flags [edit]

An illustration of the Japanese regular army occupying Khabarovsk, 1920. Both Hinomaru and the Rising Sun Flag (in groundwork) are depicted

The Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) and the Nihon Ground Self-Defense Force employ the Rising Sunday Flag with eight red rays extending outward, called Hachijō-Kyokujitsuki ( 八条旭日旗 ). A gold border is situated partially around the edge.^[117]

A well-known variant of the sunday disc design is the sun disc with 16 red rays in a Siemens star formation, which was too historically used by Nippon's armed services, particularly the Purple Japanese Army and the Royal Japanese Navy. The ensign, known in Japanese as the Jyūrokujō-Kyokujitsu-ki ( 十六条旭日旗 ), was outset adopted as the state of war flag on May 15, 1870, and was used until the stop of World War II in 1945. Information technology was re-adopted on June thirty, 1954, and is at present used as the war flag and naval ensign of the Japan Ground Self-Defence Force (JGSDF) and the Nihon Maritime Self-Defense force Force (JMSDF).^[117] JSDF Chief of Staff Katsutoshi Kawano said the Rising Sun Flag is the Maritime Self-Defense Force sailors' "pride".^[118] Due to its continued use past the Majestic Japanese Army, this flag carries the negative connotation similar to the Nazi flag in Red china and Korea.^[119] These formerly colonised countries state that this flag is a symbol of Japanese imperialism during World War Ii, and is an ongoing conflict event for the 2022 Tokyo Olympics. The JMSDF likewise employs the use of a masthead pennant. Showtime adopted in 1914 and readopted in 1965, the masthead pennant contains a simplified version of the naval ensign at the hoist end, with the rest of the pennant colored white. The ratio of the pennant is between 1:40 and 1:ninety.^[120]

The Japan Air Self-Defence (JASDF), established independently in 1952, has but the plainly sun disc as its emblem.^[121] This is the only branch of service with an emblem that does not invoke the rayed Imperial Standard. However, the branch does have an ensign to fly on bases and during parades. The Nippon Air Self-Defence force Strength flag was starting time adopted in 1955 after the JASDF was created in 1954. The flag is cobalt blue with a gilt winged eagle on top of a combined star, the moon, the Hinomaru sun disc and clouds.^{[122] [123]} The latest version of the JASDF flag was re-adopted on March nineteen, 2001.^[124]

Although non an official national flag, the Z signal flag played a major role in Japanese naval history. On May 27, 1905, Admiral Heihachirō Tōgō of the Mikasa was preparing to appoint the Russian Baltic Fleet. Earlier the Battle of Tsushima began, Togo raised the Z flag on the Mikasa and engaged the Russian fleet, winning the battle for Nippon. The raising of the flag said to the coiffure the following: "The fate of Imperial Japan hangs on this one battle; all hands will exert themselves and do their all-time." The Z flag was also raised on the aircraft carrier Akagi on the eve of Japan'southward attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in December 1941.^[125]

• 

• 

  Pre-WWII roundel (military machine aircraft insignia) of Navy and Army military aircraft

• 

  Postal service WWII roundel of the JASDF

Imperial flags [edit]

The standard of the Japanese Emperor

Starting in 1870, flags were created for the Japanese Emperor (then Emperor Meiji), the Empress, and other members of the regal family.^[126] At first, the Emperor's flag was ornate, with a lord's day resting in the heart of an artistic blueprint. He had flags that were used on land, at sea, and when he was in a carriage. The imperial family was also granted flags to be used at sea and while on land (1 for use on human foot and one railroad vehicle flag). The railroad vehicle flags were a monocolored chrysanthemum, with xvi petals, placed in the eye of a monocolored groundwork.^[73] These flags were discarded in 1889 when the Emperor decided to use the chrysanthemum on a blood-red background equally his flag. With minor changes in the color shades and proportions, the flags adopted in 1889 are still in use by the imperial family.^{[127] [128]}

The current Emperor's flag is a sixteen-petal chrysanthemum (called Kikkamon, Japanese:菊花紋), colored in gold, centered on a red background with a two:3 ratio. The Empress uses the same flag, except the shape is that of a swallow tail. The crown prince and the crown princess use the aforementioned flags, except with a smaller chrysanthemum and a white border in the middle of the flags.^[129] The chrysanthemum has been associated with the Imperial throne since the dominion of Emperor Become-Toba in the twelfth century, but it did not get the sectional symbol of the Imperial throne until 1868.^[126]

Subnational flags [edit]

Each of the 47 prefectures of Japan has its ain flag which, similar the national flag, consists of a symbol – chosen a mon – charged upon a monocolored field (except for Ehime Prefecture, where the groundwork is bicolored).^[130] There are several prefecture flags, such as Hiroshima's, that lucifer their specifications to the national flag (ii:3 ratio, monday placed in the eye and is three⁄5 the length of the flag).^[131] Some of the mon brandish the name of the prefecture in Japanese characters; others are stylized depictions of the location or another special characteristic of the prefecture. An example of a prefectural flag is that of Nagano, where the orange katakana character ナ (na) appears in the center of a white disc. One interpretation of the mon is that the na symbol represents a mountain and the white disc, a lake. The orange colour represents the sun while the white color represents the snow of the region.^[132]

Municipalities tin too adopt flags of their own. The designs of the city flags are similar to the prefectural flags: a monday on a monocolored groundwork. An case is the flag of Amakusa in Kumamoto Prefecture: the city symbol is composed of the Katakana graphic symbol ア (a) and surrounded by waves.^[133] This symbol is centered on a white flag, with a ratio of two:three.^[134] Both the city emblem and the flag were adopted in 2006.^[134]

Derivatives [edit]

Sometime Japan Post flag (1872–1887)

Flag of the Clan of Evenks in the Sakha Commonwealth, composites the Flag of Nippon and other elements.

In addition to the flags used by the military, several other flag designs were inspired by the national flag. The former Japan Post flag consisted of the Hinomaru with a cherry-red horizontal bar placed in the centre of the flag. There was likewise a sparse white ring around the red sun. It was later replaced by a flag that consisted of the 〒 postal marker in red on a white background.^[135]

2 recently designed national flags resemble the Japanese flag. In 1971, Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan, and information technology adopted a national flag that had a green background, charged with an off-centered scarlet disc that contained a golden map of Bangladesh. The current flag, adopted in 1972, dropped the gilt map and kept everything else. The Government of Bangladesh officially calls the red disc a circle;^[136] the red color symbolizes the blood that was shed to create their country.^[137] The island nation of Palau uses a flag of like design, merely the color scheme is completely unlike. While the Government of Palau does not cite the Japanese flag as an influence on their national flag, Japan did administer Palau from 1914 until 1944.^[138] The flag of Palau is an off-centered golden-xanthous full moon on a sky bluish background.^[139] The moon stands for peace and a young nation while the bluish groundwork represents Palau's transition to self-government from 1981 to 1994, when information technology achieved full independence.^[140]

The Japanese naval ensign too influenced other flag designs. 1 such flag design is used by the Asahi Shimbun. At the bottom hoist of the flag, ane quarter of the sunday is displayed. The kanji graphic symbol 朝 is displayed on the flag, colored white, covering most of the lord's day. The rays extend from the sun, occurring in a red and white alternating order, culminating in 13 full stripes.^{[141] [142]} The flag is commonly seen at the National High School Baseball game Championship, as the Asahi Shimbun is a main sponsor of the tournament.^[143] The rank flags and ensigns of the Imperial Japanese Navy also based their designs on the naval ensign.^[144]

Gallery [edit]

• 

  Japanese flag at the Meiji Memorial.

• 

  Flags of Japan and other G7 states flying in Toronto.

• 

  A series of Japanese flags in a school archway.

• 

  Yokohama Metropolis (left) and the Hinomaru (center) flight on Yokohama Harbor.

• 

  Firefighters in Tokyo holding the Japanese national flag during a ceremony.

• 

  Large flags of Nippon at the Tokyo Olympic Stadium during the final match of the E Asian Football Championship.(February 14, 2022)

See likewise [edit]

• List of Japanese flags
• National symbols of Japan
• Nobori
• Sashimono
• Uma-jirushi

References [edit]

Footnotes [edit]

1. ^ As the civil ensign by Annunciation No. 57.
2. ^ As the national flag and slight modifications to the design of the flag.

Notes [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} 国旗及び国歌に関する法律
2. ^ ^{a b} Consulate-General of Nippon in San Francisco. Basic / General Information on Japan; 2008-01-01 [archived 2022-12-eleven].
3. ^ 郵船商船規則 (in Japanese). Government of Japan – via Wikisource.
4. ^ "法令全書". ActofOctober 27, 1870 (in Japanese). National Diet. doi:10.11501/787950. Archived from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved Feb 26, 2022. Archived March 28, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
5. ^ ^{a b c} "｢国旗｣の真実をどれだけ知っていますか". December 23, 2022. Archived from the original on February 4, 2022.
6. ^ ^{a b c} "Shoku Nihongi". University of California, Berkeley (run into original Japanese text). Archived from the original on Feb iv, 2022.
7. ^ Yamanashi Tourism Organization. 日の丸の御旗 [archived 2022-10-01]. (in Japanese)
8. ^ Unpoji. 宝物殿の案内 [archived 2022-11-04]. (in Japanese)
9. ^ Petty-Known Wars of Nifty and Lasting Impact: The Turning Points in Our History We Should Know More About. Off-white Winds; 2009. ISBN ane-59233-375-3. p. 54.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Web Japan. Japanese Ministry building of Strange Affairs. National Flag and Canticle [PDF]; 2000 [archived 2022-06-15].
11. ^ Dyer 1909, p. 24
12. ^ Edgington 2003, pp. 123–124
13. ^ Ashkenazi 2003, pp. 112–113
14. ^ Hall 1996, p. 110
15. ^ 森浩一著「日本神話の考古学」（朝日新聞出版 1993年7月）
16. ^ 「日本古典文学大系 2 風土記」（岩波書店 1958年4月）の伊勢国風土記逸文に、神武天皇が伊勢国造の祖の天日別命に命じて伊勢国に攻め込ませ、国津神の伊勢津彦を追い出して伊勢を平定したとある。
17. ^ 熊野からでは北に向かって戦う事になる。このため鈴木眞年のように、伊勢まで行って西から大和盆地に侵攻したとする説もある。
18. ^ 泉欣七郎、千田健共編『日本なんでもはじめ』ナンバーワン、1985年、149頁、ISBN 4931016065
19. ^ ^{a b} Itoh 2003, p. 205
20. ^ Feldman 2004, pp. 151–155
21. ^ ^{a b c} Hongo, Jun. Hinomaru, 'Kimigayo' limited conflicts both past and future. The Japan Times. 2007-07-17 [archived 2022-07-18].
22. ^ Turnbull 2001
23. ^ Goodman, Neary 1996, pp. 77–78
24. ^ National Diet Library. レファレンス事例詳細 [Reference Case Details]; 2009-07-02 [archived 2022-07-xx]. (in Japanese).
25. ^ Feiler 2004, p. 214
26. ^ ^{a b} Ohnuki-Tierney 2002, pp. 68–69
27. ^ Rohl 2005, p. 20
28. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Befu 1992, pp. 32–33
29. ^ ^{a b c} Befu 2001, pp. 92–95
30. ^ Nornes 2003, p. 81
31. ^ Cwiertka 2007, pp. 117–119
32. ^ Partner 2004, pp. 55–56
33. ^ Tipton 2002, p. 137
34. ^ Newell 1982, p. 28
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Legislation [edit]

• Authorities of Nippon. 明治3年太政官布告第57号 [Prime number Government minister's Proclamation No. 57]; 1870-02-27 [archived 2022-05-23]. (in Japanese).
• National Diet Library. 明治3年太政官布告第651号 [Prime Minister's Declaration No. 651] [PDF]; 1870-10-03 [archived 2022-10-twenty]. (in Japanese).
• Government of Japan. 大正元年閣令第一号　（大喪中ノ国旗掲揚方） [Regulation 1 from 1912 (Raising Mourning Flag For the Emperor)]; 1912-07-30 [archived 2022-08-xviii]. (in Japanese).
• Government of Japan. 自衛隊法施行令 [Self-Defence Forces Constabulary Enforcement Order]; 1954-06-30 [archived 2008-04-07]. (in Japanese).
• Ministry building of Defence. 〇海上自衛隊の使用する航空機の分類等及び塗粧標準等に 関する達 [Standard Sizes, Markings and Paint Used On Aircraft] [PDF]; 1962-12-24 [archived 2022-07-22]. (in Japanese).
• Regime of Hiroshima Prefecture. 広島県県章および県旗の制定 [Constabulary Almost the Flag and Emblem of Hiroshima Prefecture]; 1968-07-16 [archived 2022-07-19]. (in Japanese).
• Authorities of Nihon. 国旗及び国歌に関する法律 (法律第百二十七号) [Law Regarding the National Flag and National Canticle, Act No. 127]; 1999-08-thirteen [archived 2022-05-21]. (in Japanese).
• Police of the Hokkaido Prefecture. 国旗及び国歌の取扱いについて [Law Regarding Use of the National Flag and Canticle]; 1999-eleven-18 [archived 2008-05-06]. (in Japanese).
• Police force of Kanagawa Prefecture. 国旗及び県旗の取扱いについて [Law Regarding the Utilise of the National and Prefectural Flag] [PDF]; 2003-03-29 [archived 2022-10-04]. (in Japanese).
• Government of Amakusa City. 天草市章 [Emblem of Amakusa]; 2003-03-27 [archived 2022-09-thirty]. (in Japanese).
• Government of Amakusa Metropolis. 天草市旗 [Flag of Amakusa]; 2003-03-27 [archived 2022-09-28]. (in Japanese).
• Ministry of Defense. 自衛隊の旗に関する訓令 [Flag Rules of the JASDF] [PDF]; 2008-03-25 [archived 2022-07-22]. (in Japanese).
• Ministry building of Defense force. 海上自衛隊旗章規則 [JMSDF Flag and Keepsake Rules] [PDF]; 2008-03-25 [archived 2022-07-22]. (in Japanese).

External links [edit]

• Japan at Flags of the Globe

Japanese [edit]

• Flag protocol
• Website on the standards of the Majestic family

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Japan

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